There is the "How to Become a Pure Mathematician(or Statistician)" with a roadmap and free study materials: http://hbpms.blogspot.com.br/

The University of Chicago Undergraduate Mathematics Bibliography is useful:

https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~abhishek/chicmath.htm

The "Intermediate" section contains the canonical texts for undergraduate first and second courses in the "mainstream" mathematics subjects. The "advanced" section contains mostly intro and/or reference texts for research in each area (ie assume an undergraduate degree in Mathematics).

Some less main-stream areas (e.g. logic) aren't particularly well-represented.

Not exactly what you are asking for, but the first book mentioned might give you a good overview:

Ask HN: Math books like SICP?  https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7577810