You mean experimental evidence? I don't think our mass measurements are that precise.
Just to be clear, that statement is very well accepted physics, and we have plenty of evidence of bounding energy changing the mass of things on the more energetic reactions (the nuclear ones). It would be incredibly surprising (in "redo all of physics" surprising) if it didn't hold for chemical reactions too, but I don't think anybody has evidence.
You mean experimental evidence? I don't think our mass measurements are that precise.
You don't need to weigh individual atoms or molecules to take measurement!
Just to be clear, that statement is very well accepted physics, and we have plenty of evidence of bounding energy changing the mass of things on the more energetic reactions (the nuclear ones). It would be incredibly surprising (in "redo all of physics" surprising) if it didn't hold for chemical reactions too, but I don't think anybody has evidence.
Not sure I follow your direction here. Seems to be a conflation of three separate things, not necessarily compatible with each other. In classical physics mass and charge (of a particle) are different properties. One defines how particle behaves in response to forces, the other how it interacts with em fields. That's one. The other, if we go into relativistic physics, there's mass-energy equivalence (as stated by einstein)... however, charge itself isn't a form of energy, BUT charged particles can have energy associated with their electric fields that would contribute, in a sense, to the overall mass-energy of a system (which is usually ignored unless we're talking sub-atomic particles or high-energy physics). That's two. And then there's binding (not bounding) energy which represents the amount of energy required to split a system of particles into its non-interacting components (such as, in context of nuclear physics, splitting a nucleus into protons and neutrons).. or you've meant electron binding energy which represents amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.. that'd be a third.
The mass ratios of charged particles, such as atomic and molecular ions, can be measured incredibly accurately in Penning traps. Some of the most accurate comparisons are between the mass-3 ions ³He⁺, HD⁺, T⁺, and H₃⁺. Of these, only H₃⁺ has long-lived excited states, and the different excitation energies are clearly resolved in the mass comparisons [1]. The binding energies are much larger and have to be taken into account in the comparisons.
Just to be clear, that statement is very well accepted physics, and we have plenty of evidence of bounding energy changing the mass of things on the more energetic reactions (the nuclear ones). It would be incredibly surprising (in "redo all of physics" surprising) if it didn't hold for chemical reactions too, but I don't think anybody has evidence.