I would suggest you to take a look at https://svelte.dev/. It's fast, has TypeScript support and is very easy to learn. I've been using React for many years, but after trying out Svelte, I am coming to the conclusion that Svelte is much more fun and more powerful. For example, it supports a global store out of the box. On the other side, it's not as mature as other frameworks, probably. Also, in my experience with React Hooks you tend to get into a very complex dependency and rendering logic and the code can be very hard to understand after many hooks were added (but that's another topic).
I have to say Svelte is my first thought, even though it explicitly misses some of the criteria.
There's a lot of criteria in the original question, which will inexorably lead you to React.
But for learning fast from scratch and doing lots of iteration and rewrites on a very complex UI, Svelte is going to provide a leg up.
The biggest issue is finding a UI library you are happy with, and dealing with inevitable Sveltekit changes. I used tailwind and it integrates ok with Svelte. And I've just resigned myself to dealing with Sveltekit updates.
