No, it's the location it uses to report to Apple Maps for the purposes of improving traffic.

Much, much more than traffic, though that is useful. The anonymized probe data is used to refine business driveways inferred from satellite imagery, for example. That’s why suddenly Maps can often route you to the correct parking lot instead of a nearby curb. Think about it: if you know a phone is navigating to Safeway, where the user stops navigation is potentially interesting in aggregate and divulges almost nothing except the average parking preference of an iOS user.

Source: Worked on that. One example of hundreds.

Presumably it could wait until someone actually asks for the phone's location in that case. No need to report the location if no one's asked for it.

That works when you're not logged in?

One of the services Apple generally provides is that a phone is locked to a given Apple ID, such that if you wipe it, it still knows it belongs to a given owner, and you need to unlock that for someone else to activate it. It wouldn't be unreasonable to suggest Apple would want Find My iPhone to work even after it's reset.

That being said, my theory is in another comment.

Can you even imagine? Lost your phone? Did you make sure that you were logged in before you lost it? Did the thief reset the phone and log you out? Oh, guess you can't find your phone now. Sorry.

Once you’re signed in you stay signed in and you can’t sign out without authenticating. Resetting the phone doesn’t bypass this.